diff --git a/Lib/test/test_compile.py b/Lib/test/test_compile.py
index df766387dd4c72..d2069a0ac4214d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_compile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_compile.py
@@ -2342,6 +2342,29 @@ def g(self, __x):
                         return [__x]
                 """,
             strings=['_ID_A__x']),
+        # A constant of an earlier method is equal to the co_names of a
+        # later one.  The mangled name is not an ASCII identifier, so the
+        # compiler does not intern the equal string constants.
+        'mangled_names_non_ascii': Case(
+            source="""
+                class ID_\xe9:
+                    def g(self):
+                        return ("_ID_\xe9__x",), "_ID_\xe9__x"
+                    def f(self):
+                        return self.__x
+                """,
+            strings=['_ID_\xe9__x']),
+        # The same with the names of local variables.
+        'mangled_varnames_non_ascii': Case(
+            source="""
+                class ID_\xe9:
+                    def g(self):
+                        return ("_ID_\xe9__x",), "_ID_\xe9__x"
+                    @staticmethod
+                    def f(__x):
+                        return __x
+                """,
+            strings=['_ID_\xe9__x']),
         # The names of the keyword arguments are a constant equal to
         # the co_names of the function.
         'kwnames': Case(
@@ -2548,6 +2571,29 @@ def code_constants(code):
                     self.assertEqual(len(names), 1)
                     self.assertTrue(any(const is names for const in consts))
 
+    def test_ast_names_not_interned(self):
+        # The identifiers of an AST which was not created by the parser are
+        # not interned yet.  A constant of an earlier function is equal to
+        # the co_names of a later one.
+        source = textwrap.dedent("""
+            def g(self):
+                return ("gh129724_ast_\xe9",), "gh129724_ast_\xe9"
+            def f(self):
+                return self.placeholder
+            """)
+        keep = []
+        dumps = []
+        for attempt in range(2):
+            tree = ast.parse(source)
+            attribute, = [node for node in ast.walk(tree)
+                          if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute)]
+            # Not a literal: a new string object, which is not interned.
+            attribute.attr = ''.join(['gh129724_ast_', '\xe9'])
+            code = compile(tree, '<test>', 'exec')
+            keep.append(code)
+            dumps.append(marshal.dumps(code))
+        self.assertEqual(dumps[0], dumps[1])
+
     @support.cpython_only
     def test_slice_strings(self):
         # The strings of a slice constant are interned like the other
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-11-06-02-30-00.gh-issue-129724.Mn8sLq.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-11-06-02-30-00.gh-issue-129724.Mn8sLq.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a259af1dcea0f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-11-06-02-30-00.gh-issue-129724.Mn8sLq.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Fix the :mod:`marshal` output of compiled code, and so ``.pyc`` files,
+differing for the same source depending on what ran before in the process.
+This affected private names in classes with non-ASCII names, and
+:func:`compile` of an AST with names not created by :func:`ast.parse`.
diff --git a/Python/assemble.c b/Python/assemble.c
index 8f68e233ab7b93..9f4ffb4050d259 100644
--- a/Python/assemble.c
+++ b/Python/assemble.c
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@
 #include "pycore_instruction_sequence.h"
 #include "pycore_opcode_utils.h"    // IS_BACKWARDS_JUMP_OPCODE
 #include "pycore_opcode_metadata.h" // is_pseudo_target, _PyOpcode_Caches
+#include "pycore_pystate.h"         // _PyInterpreterState_GET()
 #include "pycore_symtable.h"        // _Py_SourceLocation
+#include "pycore_tuple.h"           // _PyTuple_ITEMS()
+#include "pycore_unicodeobject.h"   // _PyUnicode_InternImmortal()
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
@@ -503,6 +506,27 @@ dict_keys_inorder(PyObject *dict, Py_ssize_t offset)
 extern void _Py_set_localsplus_info(int, PyObject *, unsigned char,
                                    PyObject *, PyObject *);
 
+/* Intern the names in *tuple*, as _PyCode_New() does, before the tuple is
+ * merged with the constant cache.
+ *
+ * The merge can replace the tuple by an equal tuple constant of another
+ * code object, whose items _PyCode_New() then interns in place.  A string
+ * of that constant would become the interned string or be replaced by it,
+ * depending on whether an equal string was already interned in the process,
+ * and so would the output of marshal for the same source.  Names which the
+ * parser did not create, such as mangled private names or the identifiers
+ * of an AST passed to compile(), may not be interned yet.
+ */
+static void
+intern_names(PyObject *tuple)
+{
+    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple); i++) {
+        assert(PyUnicode_CheckExact(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i)));
+        _PyUnicode_InternImmortal(interp, &_PyTuple_ITEMS(tuple)[i]);
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 compute_localsplus_info(_PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd, int nlocalsplus,
                         int flags, PyObject *names, PyObject *kinds)
@@ -610,6 +634,7 @@ makecode(_PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd, struct assembler *a, PyObject *const_
     if (!names) {
         goto error;
     }
+    intern_names(names);
     if (_PyCompile_ConstCacheMergeOne(const_cache, &names) < 0) {
         goto error;
     }
@@ -674,6 +699,7 @@ makecode(_PyCompile_CodeUnitMetadata *umd, struct assembler *a, PyObject *const_
         goto error;
     }
 
+    intern_names(localsplusnames);
     if (_PyCompile_ConstCacheMergeOne(const_cache, &localsplusnames) < 0) {
         goto error;
     }